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The proletariat (/ ˌ p r oʊ l ɪ ˈ t ɛər i ə t /; from Latin proletarius 'producing offspring') is the social class of wage-earners, those members of a society whose possession of significant economic value is their labour power (their capacity to work). [1]
[21] Bussard noted that they often used the term as a "kind of sociological profanity" and contrasted between it and "working and thinking" proletariat. [22] According to Michael Denning by identifying the lumpenproletariat , "Marx was combating the established view that the entire working class was a dangerous and immoral element.
The Modern French word bourgeois (/ ˈ b ʊər ʒ w ɑː / ⓘ BOORZH-wah or / b ʊər ˈ ʒ w ɑː / ⓘ boorzh-WAH, French: ⓘ) derived from the Old French borgeis or borjois ('town dweller'), which derived from bourg ('market town'), from the Old Frankish burg ('town'); in other European languages, the etymologic derivations include the Middle English burgeis, the Middle Dutch burgher, the ...
In Russia before and during the Russian Revolution, the Bolsheviks and other socialist revolutionary organizations used it to describe the Czarist Army and any working class citizen who opposed the dictatorship of the proletariat. The term was later extended to include the Menshevik Russians and other counter-revolutionary socialist ...
A sub-section of the proletariat, the lumpenproletariat (rag-proletariat), are the extremely poor and unemployed, such as day labourers and homeless people. Marx considered them to be devoid of class consciousness. Communist conception of class society in 1900—1901. The drawing was based on a leaflet of the "Union of Russian Socialists".
The term is of course pronounced very differently in English, Ancient Greek, and Modern Greek: English educated speakers pronounce it / ð ə ˌ h ɔɪ p ə ˈ l ɔɪ /, but use in the opposite sense of "elites" usually has initial stress on "polloi". [10] [1] Ancient Greek had phonemic consonant length, or gemination.
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For Marx, the process of proletarianization was the other side of capital accumulation.The growth of capital meant the growth of the working class.The expansion of capitalist markets involved processes of primitive accumulation and privatization, which transferred more and more assets into capitalist private property, and concentrated wealth in fewer and fewer hands.