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More complex rake and puffer patterns are known which move like spaceships leaving trails of oscillators or other spaceships behind them. Most of these patterns move at a speed of 1 cell per time step (the so-called speed of light , or c/1) [ 4 ] including three commonly seen spaceships with four on cells each, but slower-moving patterns are ...
For example, in a 1-dimensional cellular automaton like the examples below, the neighborhood of a cell x i t is {x i−1 t−1, x i t−1, x i+1 t−1}, where t is the time step (vertical), and i is the index (horizontal) in one generation.
2 NADH+H + from the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and 6 from Krebs cycle: 8 × 2.5 ATP; 2 FADH 2 from the Krebs cycle: 2 × 1.5 ATP; Altogether this gives 4 + 3 (or 5) + 20 + 3 = 30 (or 32) ATP per molecule of glucose These figures may still require further tweaking as new structural details become available.
A cellular automaton (CA) is Life-like (in the sense of being similar to Conway's Game of Life) if it meets the following criteria: The array of cells of the automaton has two dimensions. Each cell of the automaton has two states (conventionally referred to as "alive" and "dead", or alternatively "on" and "off")
The active non-equilibrium and non-linear rheological properties of cellular assemblies have been keen point of research in recent times. [23] [24] Another point of interest has been how cell cycle-related changes in cytoskeletal activity affect global cell properties, such as intracellular pressure increase during mitotic cell rounding. [25]
In the first the cell extends small pseudopods which then move down the sides of the cell, acting like paddles. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 12 ] In the second the cell generates an internal flow cycle, with the cytoplasm flowing backward along the membrane edge and forward through the middle, generating a force on the membrane which moves the cell forward.
A specific cellular response is the result of the transduced signal in the final stage of cell signaling. This response can essentially be any cellular activity that is present in a body. It can spur the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton, or even as catalysis by an enzyme.
In channels, they move down an electrochemical gradient to produce electrical signals. Pumps maintain electrochemical gradients. The main type of pump is the Na/K pump. It moves 3 sodium ions out of a cell and 2 potassium ions into a cell. The process converts one ATP molecule to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and Phosphate.