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Tribology is the science and engineering of understanding friction, lubrication and wear phenomena for interacting surfaces in relative motion.It is highly interdisciplinary, drawing on many academic fields, including physics, chemistry, materials science, mathematics, biology and engineering. [1]
The two regimes of dry friction are 'static friction' ("stiction") between non-moving surfaces, and kinetic friction (sometimes called sliding friction or dynamic friction) between moving surfaces. Coulomb friction, named after Charles-Augustin de Coulomb , is an approximate model used to calculate the force of dry friction.
The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. It is the dominant force in the interactions of atoms and molecules. Electromagnetism can be thought of as a combination of electrostatics and magnetism, which are distinct but closely intertwined phenomena. Electromagnetic forces occur between any two charged particles.
The energy which is not recovered contributes to the back force, a process called rolling friction. Similar to rolling friction there are energy terms in charge transfer, which contribute to friction. In static friction there is coupling between elastic strains, polarization and surface charge which contributes to the frictional force. [82]
This field causes, by electromagnetic induction, an electric current to flow in the wire loop on the right. Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (emf) across an electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field .
Friction is the least-used of the six methods of producing energy. If a cloth rubs against an object, the object will display an effect called friction electricity. The object becomes charged due to the rubbing process, and now possesses an static electrical charge, hence it is also called static electricity. There are two main types of ...
Coulomb damping absorbs energy with friction, which converts that kinetic energy into thermal energy, i.e. heat. Coulomb friction considers this under two distinct modes: either static, or kinetic. Static friction occurs when two objects are not in relative motion, e.g. if both are stationary.
A linearly polarized electromagnetic plane wave propagating parallel to the z-axis is a possible solution for the electromagnetic wave equations in free space. The electric field , E , and the magnetic field , B , are perpendicular to each other and the direction of propagation.