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This included the use of Individual Education Plans (IEPs) for all special-education students. These requirements marked the beginning of full inclusion. [5] The 1997 reauthorization of IDEA guaranteed more educational access for students with disabilities.
Inclusion has different historical roots/background which may be integration of students with severe disabilities in the US (who may previously been excluded from schools or even lived in institutions) [7] [8] [9] or an inclusion model from Canada and the US (e.g., Syracuse University, New York) which is very popular with inclusion teachers who believe in participatory learning, cooperative ...
Universal design is one of the key concepts in and approaches to disability inclusion. It involves designing buildings, products, or environments in a way that secures accessibility and usability to the greatest extent possible. [6] [7] [8] Disability mainstreaming is simultaneously a method, a policy, and a tool for achieving social inclusion ...
Equity and inclusion in education refers to the principle or policy that provides equal access for all learners to curriculum and programming within an educational setting. Some school boards have policies that include the terms inclusion and diversity. [1] Equity is a term sometimes confused with equality. [2]
Special education students in the United States can only be placed in a resource room if it is considered their LRE because their needs can only be partially met in a general education setting. [17] The full inclusion movement in the United States sometimes comes into conflict with the requirements of IDEA by aiming to place special education ...
The case of Forest Grove School District v. T.A., 129 S.Ct. 2484 (2009) addressed the issue of whether the parents of a student who has never received special education services from a public school district are potentially eligible for reimbursement of private school tuition for that student under the IDEA. [54]
Special education (also known as special-needs education, aided education, alternative provision, exceptional student education, special ed., SDC, and SPED) is the practice of educating students in a way that accommodates their individual differences, disabilities, and special needs. This involves the individually planned and systematically ...
Because the law does not clearly state to what degree the least restrictive environment is, courts have had to interpret the LRE principle. In a landmark case interpreting IDEA's predecessor statute (EHA), Daniel R.R. v. State Board of Education (1989), it was determined that students with disabilities have a right to be included in both academic and extracurricular programs of general education.