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Kinetic energy is the movement energy of an object. Kinetic energy can be transferred between objects and transformed into other kinds of energy. [10] Kinetic energy may be best understood by examples that demonstrate how it is transformed to and from other forms of energy.
Thus, the ratio of the kinetic energy to the absolute temperature of an ideal monatomic gas can be calculated easily: per mole: 12.47 J/K; per molecule: 20.7 yJ/K = 129 μeV/K; At standard temperature (273.15 K), the kinetic energy can also be obtained: per mole: 3406 J; per molecule: 5.65 zJ = 35.2 meV.
If a system has a definite temperature, then its total energy has three distinguishable components, termed kinetic energy (energy due to the motion of the system as a whole), potential energy (energy resulting from an externally imposed force field), and internal energy. The establishment of the concept of internal energy distinguishes the ...
Molar heat capacity of most elements at 25 °C is in the range between 2.8 R and 3.4 R: Plot as a function of atomic number with a y range from 22.5 to 30 J/mol K.. The Dulong–Petit law, a thermodynamic law proposed by French physicists Pierre Louis Dulong and Alexis Thérèse Petit, states that the classical expression for the molar specific heat capacity of certain chemical elements is ...
where and denote respectively the total kinetic energy and the total potential energy of the component closed homogeneous system, and denotes its internal energy. [ 34 ] [ 62 ] Potential energy can be exchanged with the surroundings of the system when the surroundings impose a force field, such as gravitational or electromagnetic, on the system.
In a collision with a coefficient of restitution e, the change in kinetic energy can be written as = (), where v rel is the relative velocity of the bodies before collision. For typical applications in nuclear physics, where one particle's mass is much larger than the other the reduced mass can be approximated as the smaller mass of the system.
where / is the half-life, E the total kinetic energy (of the alpha particle and the daughter nucleus), and A and B are coefficients that depend on the isotope's atomic number Z. The law works best for nuclei with even atomic number and even atomic mass.
The (Newtonian) kinetic energy of a particle of mass m, velocity v is given by = | | = (+ +), where v x, v y and v z are the Cartesian components of the velocity v.Here, H is short for Hamiltonian, and used henceforth as a symbol for energy because the Hamiltonian formalism plays a central role in the most general form of the equipartition theorem.