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It is used industrially in the production of docosahexaenoic acid. [2] Crypthecodinium cohnii is a heterotrophic non-photosynthetic Microalgae . C. cohnii can acclimate a higher docosahexaenoic acid to polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio, [ 3 ] however current studies are trying to increase the volume of DHA production by creating mutant strains.
DHA in breast milk is important for the developing infant. [10] Rates of DHA production in women are 15% higher than in men. [11] DHA is a major fatty acid in brain phospholipids and the retina. Preliminary research has investigated its potential benefit in Alzheimer's disease, [1] [12] and cardiovascular disease, [13] and other disorders. [1]
Mammals are unable to synthesize omega−3 fatty acids, but can obtain the shorter-chain omega−3 fatty acid ALA (18 carbons and 3 double bonds) through diet and use it to form the more important long-chain omega−3 fatty acids, EPA (20 carbons and 5 double bonds) and then from EPA, the most crucial, DHA (22 carbons and 6 double bonds). [2]
Studies have shown that commercial fish supplemented with DHA during the spawning season tend to grow faster and have greater survival rates with reduced abnormalities. [ 159 ] [ 160 ] Astaxanthin , a keto-carotenoid, derived from thraustochytrids have also been used to feed fish, chicken, and turkey, and to even dye food.
Sablefish flesh is high in long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, EPA, and DHA. It contains about as much as wild salmon. [22] Smoked sablefish, often called simply "sable", has long been a staple of New York appetizing stores, one of many smoked fish products usually eaten with bagels for breakfast in American Jewish cuisine. [23] [24]
To illustrate the amounts of EPA and DHA in supplements, a softgel capsule containing fish oil derived from pollock might contain a total of 642 mg of total fish oil, of which 584 mg are omega−3 fatty acids, with 377 mg EPA and 158 mg DHA. 3 That same company's salmon oil softgel contains 1008 mg of total fish oil, of which 295 mg are omega ...
DHA has 6 cis (see Cis–trans isomerism) double bonds each one of which is located between carbons 4-5, 7-8, 10-11, 13-14, 16-17, or 19-20. Cytochrome P450 epoxygenases attack any one of these double bonds to form a respective docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) epoxide regioisomer .
Omega-3-acid ethyl esters are a mixture of ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid and ethyl docosahexaenoic acid, which are ethyl esters of the omega−3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) found in fish oil. [4] Together with dietary changes, they are used to treat high blood triglycerides which may reduce the risk of ...