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  2. Kauri gum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum

    Highly flammable, the gum was also used as a fire-starter, or bound in flax to act as a torch. Burnt and mixed with animal fat, it made a dark pigment for moko tattooing. [6] Kauri gum was also crafted into jewellery, keepsakes and small decorative items. Like amber, kauri gum sometimes includes insects and plant material. [7]

  3. Controlled burn - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_burn

    Some seeds, such as those of lodgepole pine, sequoia and many chaparral shrubs are pyriscent, meaning heat from fire causes the cone or woody husk to open and disperse seeds. [ 7 ] Fire is a natural part of both forest and grassland ecology and has been used by indigenous people across the world for millennia to promote biodiversity and ...

  4. Swedish torch - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_torch

    Swedish fire with sparks flying. A Swedish torch [a] is a source of heat and light from a vertically set tree trunk, incised and burning in the middle. It became known in Europe during the 1600s and is now used by forest workers, and for leisure activities (especially in southern Germany). Due to its flat surface and good embers, it can also be ...

  5. Closed-cone conifer forest - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-cone_conifer_forest

    Closed-cone forests rely on regular but infrequent fires, often stand-replacing crown fires. Fire opens up space in the canopy or clears away litter on the ground, so there is less competition for germinating seeds. Thus, the fire is an advantageous time for trees to drop their seeds.

  6. Andricus quercusstrobilanus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andricus_quercusstrobilanus

    Andricus quercusstrobilanus, the lobed oak gall wasp, is a species [1] of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, [2] found in North America. [3] The quercus in its specific name is the genus name for oak, while "strobilus" is derived from the Greek strobilo which means "cone", a reference to the cone shape of the gall; [4] thus the gall is sometimes called pine cone oak gall.

  7. Bristlecone pine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristlecone_pine

    Needles and cones. The green pine needles give the twisted branches a bottle-brush appearance. The needles of the tree surround the branch to an extent of about one foot near the tip of the limb. [13] The name bristlecone pine refers to the dark purple female cones that bear incurved prickles on their surface.

  8. Knobcone pine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knobcone_pine

    On the coast, the knobcone pine may hybridize with bishop pine (Pinus muricata), and Monterey pine (Pinus radiata). In the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada, knobcone pine is often a co-dominant with blue oak (Quercus douglasii). [7] The species is susceptible to fire, but this melts the cone resin, releasing seeds for regrowth. [4]

  9. Pyrophyte - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrophyte

    Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) is a pyrophile, depending on fire to clear the ground for seed germination. [4] The passage of fire, by increasing temperature and releasing smoke, is necessary to raise seeds dormancy of pyrophile plants such as Cistus and Byblis an Australian passive carnivorous plant. Imperata cylindrica is a plant of Papua ...