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Concrete has been used since ancient times. Regular Roman concrete for example was made from volcanic ash , and hydrated lime. Roman concrete was superior to other concrete recipes (for example, those consisting of only sand and lime) [1] used by other cultures. Besides volcanic ash for making regular Roman concrete, brick dust can also be used.
For a large project, outsourcing concrete production to ready-mixed concrete suppliers means delegating the quality control and testing, material logistics and supply chain issues and mix design, to specialists who are already established for those tasks, trading off against introducing another contracted external supplier who needs to make a ...
Self-consolidating concrete or self-compacting concrete (SCC) [1] is a concrete mix which has a low yield stress, high deformability, good segregation resistance (prevents separation of particles in the mix), and moderate viscosity (necessary to ensure uniform suspension of solid particles during transportation, placement (without external compaction), and thereafter until the concrete sets).
Instead of using a 'nominal mix' of 1 part cement, 2 parts sand, and 4 parts aggregate, a civil engineer will custom-design a concrete mix to exactly meet the requirements of the site and conditions, setting material ratios and often designing an admixture package to fine-tune the properties or increase the performance envelope of the mix ...
It also flows much better than ordinary concrete, having the consistency of a milkshake. The first known use of CLSM was in 1964. [2] CLSM is typically a ready mix concrete rather than soil cement which is a low strength cement made using local soil, and is similar to a slurry.
The Salginatobel Bridge is an example of this. Concrete cracks due to tensile stress induced by shrinkage or stresses occurring during setting or use. Various means are used to overcome this. Fiber reinforced concrete uses fine fibers distributed throughout the mix or larger metal or other reinforcement elements to limit the size and extent of ...
The main factors influencing temperature variation in the mass concrete structure are: the size of the structure, the ambient temperature, the initial temperature of the concrete at the time of placement and curing program, the cement type, and the cement contents in the mix. Mass concrete structures include massive mat foundations, dams, and ...
The ECC material family is expanding. The development of an individual mix design of ECC requires special efforts by systematically engineering of the material at nano-, micro-, macro- and composite scales. ECC looks similar to ordinary Portland cement-based concrete, except that it can deform (or bend) under strain. [1]
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