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This data processing was accomplished by processing punched cards through various unit record machines in a carefully choreographed progression. [5] This progression, or flow, from machine to machine was often planned and documented with detailed flowcharts that used standardized symbols for documents and the various machine functions. [ 6 ]
Invented by Herman Hollerith, the machine was developed to help process data for the 1890 U.S. Census. Later models were widely used for business applications such as accounting and inventory control. It spawned a class of machines, known as unit record equipment, and the data processing industry.
The increasing population suggested that by the 1890 census, data processing would take longer than the 10 years before the next census—so a competition was held to find a better method. It was won by a Census Department employee, Herman Hollerith , who went on to found the Tabulating Machine Company , later to become IBM .
Herman Hollerith: The Forgotten Giant of Information Processing. Columbia University Press. p. 418. ISBN 0-231-05146-8. Truesdell, Leon E. (1965). The Development of Punch Card Tabulation in the Bureau of the Census 1890-1940. US GPO. Includes extensive, detailed, description of Hollerith's first machines and their use for the 1890 census.
Data processing is the collection and manipulation of digital data to ... the Census Office was able to complete tabulating most of the 1890 census data in 2 to 3 ...
In the late 1880s, the American Herman Hollerith invented data storage on punched cards that could then be read by a machine. [26] To process these punched cards, he invented the tabulator and the keypunch machine. His machines used electromechanical relays and counters. [27] Hollerith's method was used in the 1890 United States Census.
The concept of automated data processing had been born. In 1890, Herman Hollerith invented the mechanical tabulating machine, a design used during the 1890 Census which stored and processed demographic and statistical information on punched cards. [14] [15] 1890 Shredded wheat. Shredded wheat is a type of breakfast cereal made from whole wheat.
Two women discussing their work while entering data onto punched cards at Texas A&M in the 1950s. The woman at the right is seated at an IBM 026 keypunch machine. The woman at left is at an IBM 056 Card Verifier. Her job would be to re-enter the data and the verifier machine would check that it matched the data punched onto the cards.