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Swiss ophthalmologist Marc Amsler described the Amsler grid in the year 1945. It was the first functional test proposed to evaluate metamorphopsia . [ 4 ] He may have gotten the idea of the grid from Edmund Landolt, who used a similar small card with a grid pattern to be kept in the center of the visual field testing instrument perimeter .
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The Amsler grid showing the visual perception of the left eye of a person experiencing metamorphopsia (straight lines appear bent or curved) [1] [2]. Metamorphopsia (from Ancient Greek: μεταμορφοψία, metamorphopsia, 'seeing mutated shapes') is a type of distorted vision in which a grid of straight lines appears wavy or partially blank.
The Amsler Grid test can be used to diagnose macropsia, along with other visual maladies depending on the subjective disturbance reported by the patient after looking at the Amsler Grid. Outward bulging of the lines on an Amsler Grid is consistent with patients experiencing macropsisa. [27]
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The Amsler grid was an improvement over the initial work done by the ophthalmologist Edmond Landolt. The grid tests the function of the macula , a part of the retina , and enables patients to self-test for and monitor metamorphopsia , a symptom of early stages of macular degeneration .
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From ancient history to the modern day, the clitoris has been discredited, dismissed and deleted -- and women's pleasure has often been left out of the conversation entirely. Now, an underground art movement led by artist Sophia Wallace is emerging across the globe to challenge the lies, question the myths and rewrite the rules around sex and the female body.