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Graph coloring [2] [3]: GT4 Graph homomorphism problem [3]: GT52 Graph partition into subgraphs of specific types (triangles, isomorphic subgraphs, Hamiltonian subgraphs, forests, perfect matchings) are known NP-complete. Partition into cliques is the same problem as coloring the complement of the given graph.
According to Jensen & Toft (1995), the problem was first formulated by Nelson in 1950, and first published by Gardner (1960). Hadwiger (1945) had earlier published a related result, showing that any cover of the plane by five congruent closed sets contains a unit distance in one of the sets, and he also mentioned the problem in a later paper (Hadwiger 1961).
Graph coloring is computationally hard. It is NP-complete to decide if a given graph admits a k-coloring for a given k except for the cases k ∈ {0,1,2}. In particular, it is NP-hard to compute the chromatic number. [31] The 3-coloring problem remains NP-complete even on 4-regular planar graphs. [32]
In graphs where every vertex has at most three neighbors, the clique cover remains NP-hard, and there is a constant ρ > 1 such that it is NP-hard to approximate with approximation ratio ρ or better. Nevertheless, in polynomial time it is possible to find an approximation with a ratio of 5/4. That is, this approximation algorithm finds a ...
One example of a heuristic algorithm is a suboptimal () greedy coloring algorithm used for graph coloring during the register allocation phase of some compilers, a technique called graph-coloring global register allocation. Each vertex is a variable, edges are drawn between variables which are being used at the same time, and colors indicate ...
A 3-edge-coloring of the Desargues graph. In graph theory, a proper edge coloring of a graph is an assignment of "colors" to the edges of the graph so that no two incident edges have the same color. For example, the figure to the right shows an edge coloring of a graph by the colors red, blue, and green.
Enjoy a classic game of Hearts and watch out for the Queen of Spades!
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 7 January 2025. Book containing line art, to which the user is intended to add color For other uses, see Coloring Book (disambiguation). Filled-in child's coloring book, Garfield Goose (1953) A coloring book is a type of book containing line art to which people are intended to add color using crayons ...
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