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Modern-day CTG was developed and introduced in the 1950s and early 1960s by Edward Hon, Roberto Caldeyro-Barcia and Konrad Hammacher. The first commercial fetal monitor (Hewlett-Packard 8020A) was released in 1968. [1] CTG monitoring is widely used to assess fetal well-being by identifying babies at risk of hypoxia (lack of oxygen). [2]
A normal nonstress test will show a baseline fetal heart rate between 110 and 160 beats per minute with moderate variability (5- to 25-interbeat variability) and 2 qualifying accelerations in 20 minutes with no decelerations. "Reactive" is defined as the presence of two or more fetal heart rate accelerations within a 20-minute period. Each ...
A method of external (noninvasive) fetal monitoring (EFM) during childbirth is cardiotocography (CTG), using a cardiotocograph that consists of two sensors: The heart (cardio) sensor is an ultrasonic sensor, similar to a Doppler fetal monitor, that continuously emits ultrasound and detects motion of the fetal heart by the characteristic of the ...
A negative result is highly predictive of fetal wellbeing and tolerance of labor. The test has a poor positive predictive value with false-positive results in as many as 30% of cases. [4] [5] A positive CST indicates high risk of fetal death due to hypoxia [3] and is a contraindication to labor. Patient's obstetricians usually consider ...
The ROMs of the game and its sequel were formerly offered by the owner Randel Reiss for free download. In 2021, however, the rights to both games were purchased by Piko Interactive, leding the download links for the ROMs to disappear from Technopop's website [121], but they are still available for free download on Zophar's Domain.
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EFM Academy, now part of SCOPE Maastricht, a study association in the Netherlands; EFM Records, an American record label; Eight-to-fourteen modulation; Electronic fetal monitoring; Electrostatic force microscope; Enterprise feedback management; Environmental Fluid Mechanics, a scholarly journal; Ethernet in the first mile