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Initiatives and referendums—collectively known as "ballot measures", "propositions", or simply "questions"—differ from most legislation passed by representative democracies; ordinarily, an elected legislative body develops and passes laws. Initiatives and referendums, by contrast, allow citizens to vote directly on legislation.
This framework definition is a broader analytic concept and does not limit collaborative governance to state-initiated arrangements and to engagement between government and non-government sectors. For example, the definition encompasses collaboration between governments at different levels and hybrid partnerships initiated by the private or ...
In the United States, an initiative (or "citizens' initiative") is a proposal for a new law, which requires a petition reaching a particular number of signatures which results in a ballot measure being placed before the voters in an election. Usually, when 50%+1 of the electorate approves such a ballot measure the proposed law is enacted ...
In multistakeholder governance, there are three tiers of 'stakeholder' definitions: (1) the definition of the 'stakeholder category' (e.g. business); (2) the definition or the specification for selecting organizations or institutions within a 'stakeholder category' (e.g. micro-enterprises or women-owned businesses); and (3) the definition or ...
The quicksilver initiatives "marked the beginning of the era of full-scale e-government at the federal level." [2] President Bush presented the quicksilver initiatives as a strategy to reach his administration's goal of providing a larger number of services to a greater number of people at lower costs via electronic means.
(See the United Kingdom's Private Finance Initiative.) Public employee unions represent workers. Since contract negotiations for these workers are dependent on the size of government budgets, this is the one segment of the labor movement that can actually contribute directly to the people with ultimate responsibility for its livelihood.
Although there are many perspectives of Whole-of-Government (WoG), the most accepted definition is WoG as a concept that emphasises the need for greater collaboration and coordination across departmental boundaries to eliminate duplication, optimize resources, create synergies among agencies, and deliver seamless services to the citizens and businesses. [6]
Authorities plebiscite: Also known as a legislative referral, are initiated by the legislature or government. These may be advisory questions to gauge public opinion or binding questions of law. Popular initiative or Initiative referendum: A citizen-led process to propose and vote on new laws.