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This language, or closely related group of dialects, spoken by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, and pre-dating documented Old English or Anglo-Saxon, has also been called Primitive Old English. [11] Early Old English (c. 650–900), the period of the oldest manuscript traditions, with authors such as Cædmon, Bede, Cynewulf and Aldhelm.
Old English literature has had some influence on modern literature, and notable poets have translated and incorporated Old English poetry. [92] Well-known early translations include Alfred, Lord Tennyson's translation of The Battle of Brunanburh, William Morris's translation of Beowulf, and Ezra Pound's translation of The Seafarer.
Note: "Early" manuscripts are manuscripts dated firmly from the fourth century or earlier. Roughly half of the papyri are "early". Roughly half of the papyri are "early". Some manuscripts contain content from more than one New Testament book, so the numbers above do not directly correspond to the total number of manuscripts.
Proto-English (early Anglo-Saxon) and the West Germanic languages c. 476 AD. [3] English has its roots in the languages of the Germanic peoples of northern Europe. During the Roman Empire, most of the Germanic-inhabited area, Germania, remained independent from Rome, although some southwestern parts were within the empire.
Early Modern English (sometimes abbreviated EModE [1] or EMnE) or Early New English (ENE) is the stage of the English language from the beginning of the Tudor period to the English Interregnum and Restoration, or from the transition from Middle English, in the late 15th century, to the transition to Modern English, in the mid-to-late 17th century.
Preservation of early or significant script. Evidence where a book was bound. Since medieval manuscripts generally did not travel far from where they were produced, the fact that a binding incorporates fragments of a manuscript from a known location may be evidence that the book was bound there or nearby.
Papyrus 137 (designated as 𝔓 137 in the Gregory-Aland numbering system) is a late 2nd or early 3rd century fragment of the first chapter of the Gospel of Mark (verses 7–9 on the recto side and 16–18 on the verso side.) The fragment is from a codex and has been published in the Oxyrhynchus papyrus series as P.Oxy. LXXXIII 5345. [1]
Metal bird ornaments and wooden fragments of the yoke and joints Anglo-Saxon Snape England Wooden fragments from the arms and upper joints; copper alloy strip and pins Late 7th / early 8th century Köln Germany Roughly one-half of a lyre. Destroyed in World War II 8th century Ribe [32] Denmark Wooden yoke with six holes and four tuning pins