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  2. Coupling reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling_reaction

    In one important reaction type, a main group organometallic compound of the type R-M (where R = organic group, M = main group centre metal atom) reacts with an organic halide of the type R'-X with formation of a new carbon-carbon bond in the product R-R'. The most common type of coupling reaction is the cross coupling reaction. [1] [2] [3]

  3. Dephosphorylation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dephosphorylation

    In a spontaneous dephosphorylation reaction 30.5 kJ/mol is released, which is harnessed to drive cellular reactions. Overall, nonspontaneous reactions coupled to the dephosphorylation of ATP are spontaneous, due to the negative free energy change of the coupled reaction. This is important in driving oxidative phosphorylation.

  4. Bioenergetic systems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioenergetic_systems

    3 Coupled reactions. 4 Anaerobic and aerobic metabolism. ... Bioenergetics is the field of biology that studies bioenergetic systems. Overview

  5. Metabolic pathway - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_pathway

    An example of a coupled reaction is the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to form the intermediate fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by the enzyme phosphofructokinase accompanied by the hydrolysis of ATP in the pathway of glycolysis. The resulting chemical reaction within the metabolic pathway is highly thermodynamically favorable and, as a ...

  6. Chemotaxis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotaxis

    This general equation applies to both the cell density and the chemo-attractant. Therefore, incorporating a diffusion flux into the total flux term, the interactions between these quantities are governed by a set of coupled reaction-diffusion partial differential equations describing the change in and : [73]

  7. G protein-coupled receptor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor

    The seven-transmembrane α-helix structure of bovine rhodopsin. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptors, and G protein-linked receptors (GPLR), form a large group of evolutionarily related proteins that are cell surface receptors that detect molecules outside the cell and ...

  8. Cross-coupling reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-coupling_reaction

    Often cross-coupling reactions require metal catalysts. One important reaction type is this: R−M + R'−X → R−R' + MX (R, R' = organic fragments, usually aryl; M = main group center such as Li or MgX; X = halide) These reactions are used to form carbon–carbon bonds but also carbon-heteroatom bonds.

  9. 3-Phosphoglyceric acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Phosphoglyceric_acid

    In the glycolytic pathway, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is dephosphorylated to form 3-phosphoglyceric acid in a coupled reaction producing two ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation. [5] The single phosphate group left on the 3-PGA molecule then moves from an end carbon to a central carbon, producing 2-phosphoglycerate.