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Layering - Wikipedia ... Layering
The tip is then scanned across the semiconductor's surface in while the tip's height is controlled by conventional contact force feedback. By applying an alternating bias to the metal-coated probe, carriers are alternately accumulated and depleted within the semiconductor's surface layers, changing the tip-sample capacitance.
An extremely sharp tip coated with a thin layer of magnetic material is moved systematically over a sample. A voltage is applied between the tip and the sample allowing electrons to tunnel between the two, resulting in a current. In the absence of magnetic phenomena, the strength of this current is indicative for local electronic properties.
Surface micro-machining involves as many layers as are needed with a different mask (producing a different pattern) on each layer. Modern integrated circuit fabrication uses this technique and can use as many as 100 layers. Micro-machining is a younger technology and usually uses no more than 5 or 6 layers.
Atomic force microscopy
Bio-layer interferometry
Strike and dip
Surface layering. Surface layering is a quasi-crystalline structure at the surfaces of otherwise disordered liquids, where atoms or molecules of even the simplest liquid are stratified into well-defined layers parallel to the surface. While in crystalline solids such atomic layers can extend periodically throughout the entire dimension of a ...