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As such, the predicted shape and bond angle of sp 3 hybridization is tetrahedral and 109.5°. This is in open agreement with the true bond angle of 104.45°. The difference between the predicted bond angle and the measured bond angle is traditionally explained by the electron repulsion of the two lone pairs occupying two sp 3 hybridized orbitals.
The hydrogen bonds of water are around 23 kJ/mol (compared to a covalent O-H bond at 492 kJ/mol). Of this, it is estimated that 90% is attributable to electrostatics, while the remaining 10% is partially covalent. [95] These bonds are the cause of water's high surface tension [96] and capillary forces.
Detailed water models predict the occurrence of water clusters, as configurations of water molecules whose total energy is a local minimum. [6] [7] [8] Of particular interest are the cyclic clusters (H 2 O) n; these have been predicted to exist for n = 3 to 60. [9] [10] [11] At low temperatures, nearly 50% of water molecules are included in ...
Water (H 2 O) is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid, which is nearly colorless apart from an inherent hint of blue.It is by far the most studied chemical compound [20] and is described as the "universal solvent" [21] and the "solvent of life". [22]
The first theoretical study of the water dimer was an ab initio calculation published in 1968 by Morokuma and Pedersen. [10] Since then, the water dimer has been the focus of sustained interest by theoretical chemists concerned with hydrogen bonding—a search of the CAS database up to 2006 returns over 1100 related references (73 of them in 2005).
Heavy water is less dissociated at a given temperature, and it does not have the slightly blue color of regular water. It can taste slightly sweeter than regular water, though not to a significant degree. Heavy water affects biological systems by altering enzymes, hydrogen bonds, and cell division in eukaryotes. It can be lethal to ...
A water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions , but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice , and gaseous state ( water vapor or steam ).
In the case of water, with its 104.5° HOH angle, the OH bonding orbitals are constructed from O(~sp 4.0) orbitals (~20% s, ~80% p), while the lone pairs consist of O(~sp 2.3) orbitals (~30% s, ~70% p). As discussed in the justification above, the lone pairs behave as very electropositive substituents and have excess s character.