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A lichen (/ ˈ l aɪ k ən / LIE-kən, UK also / ˈ l ɪ tʃ ən / LI-chən) is a hybrid colony of algae or cyanobacteria living symbiotically among filaments of multiple fungi species, along with yeasts and bacteria [1] [2] embedded in the cortex or "skin", in a mutualistic relationship.
But sometimes the parts of a lichen species common name are common names of other lichen genera. For example, Psilolechia lucida, in the genus Psilolechia, is commonly called "sulphur dust lichen". [1] [2] But "sulphur lichen" refers to the genus Fulgensia, and "dust lichen" refers either to the genus Chrysothrix or the genus Lepraria. [1] [3 ...
Lichens can be classified by the substrate on which they grow: Bryophilous lichen – on mosses or liverworts. [111] Hepaticolous lichen – on liverworts. [112] Muscicolous lichen – on mosses. [113] Corticolous lichen – on bark. [111] Ramicolous lichen – on twigs. [113] Foliicolous lichen – on plant leaves. [111]
Lichens are known in which there is one fungus associated with two or even three algal species. Rarely, the reverse can occur, and two or more fungal species can interact to form the same lichen. [12] Both the lichen and the fungus partner bear the same scientific name, and the lichens are being integrated into the classification schemes for fungi.
A lichen with a shrub-like or hairy thallus attached to the substrate at a single point. [204] fruticulose Also fruticulous . A smaller version of a fruticose lichen. [204] See related: microlichen. fulvous An yellow-brown or tawny color. [43] funiculus See umbilicate lichen. funoid Made of fibers or rope-like strands. [43] furcate Forked. [215 ...
Index of Collectors in Knowles the Lichens of Ireland (1929) and Porter's Supplement: with a Conspectus of Lichen, M. E. Mitchell, Matilda C. Knowles and Lilian Porter (1998) Biodeterioration of Stone Surfaces: Lichens and Biofilms as Weathering Agents of Rocks and Cultural Heritage, Larry St. Clair and Mark Seaward (Oct 2011)
Brown or yellow lichen dyes (called crottle or crotal), made from Parmelia saxatilis scraped off rocks, [2] and red lichen dyes (called corkir) were used extensively to produce tartans. Purple dyes from lichens were historically very important throughout Europe from the 15th to 17th centuries.
The lichen's photobiont partner, which is the photosynthetic organism living within the fungus, is of the chlorococcoid type, meaning it consists of green algae that are spherical or slightly elongated. [10] Ramalinaceae lichens reproduce sexually via apothecia (fruiting bodies), which are usually pale and may appear black with age. These ...