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Low-iron, or water white glass, is made using special iron free silica, and is generally only available in 2.0 millimetres (0.079 in) thicknesses for picture framing applications. Because low iron glass light absorption can be as low as 0.5%, compared to about 2% for clear glass, the light transmission will be better than clear glass. Low iron ...
The glass is placed onto a roller table, taking it through a furnace that heats it well above its transition temperature of 564 °C (1,047 °F) to around 620 °C (1,148 °F). The glass is then rapidly cooled with forced air drafts while the inner portion remains free to flow for a short time.
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The calculation of glass properties allows "fine-tuning" of desired material characteristics, e.g., the refractive index. [1]The calculation of glass properties (glass modeling) is used to predict glass properties of interest or glass behavior under certain conditions (e.g., during production) without experimental investigation, based on past data and experience, with the intention to save ...
A typical installation of insulated glass windows with uPVC frames. Possibly the earliest use of double glazing was in Siberia, where it was observed by Henry Seebohm in 1877 as an established necessity in the Yeniseysk area where the bitterly cold winter temperatures regularly fall below -50 °C, indicating how the concept may have started: [2]
Laminated glass is also used to increase the sound insulation rating of a window, because it significantly improves sound attenuation compared to monolithic glass panes of the same thickness. The interlayer is typically of polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), ionoplast polymers, cast in place (CIP) liquid resin, or ...
Glass fibers have a much higher tensile strength than regular glass (200-500 times stronger than regular glass). [7] This is due to the reduction of flaws in glass fibers [8] and the small cross sectional area of glass fibers, constraining maximum defect size.