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Economics focuses on the study of economic goods, i.e. goods that are scarce; in other words, producing the good requires expending effort or resources. Economic goods contrast with free goods such as air, for which there is an unlimited supply.
Goods are items that are usually (but not always) tangible, such as pens or apples. Services are activities provided by other people, such as teachers or barbers.Taken together, it is the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services which underpins all economic activity and trade.
In economics, factors of production, resources, or inputs are what is used in the production process to produce output—that is, goods and services.The utilised amounts of the various inputs determine the quantity of output according to the relationship called the production function.
Manufacturing is the creation or production of goods with the help of equipment, labor, machines, tools, and chemical or biological processing or formulation. It is the essence of the secondary sector of the economy .
The earlier term for the discipline was "political economy", but since the late 19th century, it has commonly been called "economics". [22] The term is ultimately derived from Ancient Greek οἰκονομία (oikonomia) which is a term for the "way (nomos) to run a household (oikos)", or in other words the know-how of an οἰκονομικός (oikonomikos), or "household or homestead manager".
In that context, the economic definition of goods also includes what are commonly known as services. A microwave oven, c. 2005: an example of a final good or consumer good. Manufactured goods refer to products that have undergone processing or assembly, distinguishing them from raw materials.
N.G. Mankiw definition from the book Economics: Capital is the equipment and structures used to produce goods and services. Physical capital consists of man-made goods (or input into the process of production) that assist in the production process. Cash, real estate, equipment, and inventory are examples of physical capital. [1]
Intermediate goods generally can be made and used in three different ways. First, a company can make and use its own intermediate goods. Second, a company can manufacture intermediate goods and sell them to others. Third, a company can buy intermediate goods to produce either secondary intermediate goods or final goods.