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Dominant seventh chords are often built on the fifth scale degree (or dominant) of a key. For instance, in the C major scale, G is the fifth note of the scale, and the seventh chord built on G is the dominant seventh chord, G 7 (shown above). In this chord, F is a minor seventh above G.
However, in a minor key, the seventh scale degree is often raised by a half step (♭ to ♮), creating a major chord. These chords may also appear as seventh chords: typically as a dominant seventh chord, but occasionally in minor as a minor seventh chord v 7 with passing function: [6]
The harmonic seventh chord is a dominant seventh chord formed by a major triad plus a harmonic seventh interval. The harmonic seventh interval is a minor seventh tuned in the 7:4 pitch ratio, one of the possible "just ratios" defined for this interval in just intonation (slightly below the width of a minor seventh as tuned in equal temperament ...
A secondary dominant (also applied dominant, artificial dominant, or borrowed dominant) is a major triad or dominant seventh chord built and set to resolve to a scale degree other than the tonic, with the dominant of the dominant (written as V/V or V of V) being the most frequently encountered. [5]
A ninth chord includes the seventh; without the seventh, the chord is not an extended chord but an added tone chord—in this case, an add 9. Ninths can be added to any chord but are most commonly seen with major, minor, and dominant seventh chords. The most commonly omitted note for a voicing is the perfect fifth.
In music theory, the scale degree is the position of a particular note on a scale [1] relative to the tonic—the first and main note of the scale from which each octave is assumed to begin. Degrees are useful for indicating the size of intervals and chords and whether an interval is major or minor .
7 indicates a dominant seventh chord. However, if Maj7, M7 or Δ 7 is indicated, this is a major 7th chord (e.g., G M7 or F Δ7). Very rarely, also dom is used for dominant 7th. 9 indicates a ninth chord, which in jazz usually includes the dominant seventh as well, if it is a dominant chord.
That is, the implied seventh chord is a dominant seventh, i.e. a major triad plus the minor seventh, to which the ninth is added: e.g., a C 9 consists of C, E, G, B ♭ and D. C dominant ninth (C 9) would usually be expected to resolve to an F major chord (the implied key, C being the dominant of F).