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Prehistoric Europe refers to Europe before the start of written records, [3] beginning in the Lower Paleolithic. As history progresses, considerable regional unevenness in cultural development emerges and grows.
An artist's rendering of a temporary wood house, based on evidence found at Terra Amata (in Nice, France) and dated to the Lower Paleolithic (c. 400,000 BP) [5]. The oldest evidence of human occupation in Eastern Europe comes from the Kozarnika cave in Bulgaria where a single human tooth and flint artifacts have been dated to at least 1.4 million years ago.
The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD 500), the Middle Ages (AD 500–1500), and the modern era (since AD 1500). The first early European modern humans appear in the fossil record about 48,000 years ago, during the Paleolithic era.
14 kya: Western Hunter Gatherers (descended from Ancient North Eurasians) of the Epigravettian culture expand into Europe and replace the Magdalenian culture. [82] 14 kya – 12 kya: Oldest evidence for prehistoric warfare (Jebel Sahaba, Natufian culture). [83] 13 kya – 10 kya: End of the Last Glacial Period, climate warms, glaciers recede.
From a study of 51 individuals, researchers were able to identify five separate genetic clusters of ancient Eurasians during the LGM: the Věstonice Cluster (34,000–26,000 years ago), associated with the Gravettian culture; the Mal'ta Cluster (24,000–17,000), associated with the Mal'ta-Buret' culture, the El Mirón Cluster (19,000–14,000 ...
The notion of gradual transition (or evolution) best defines southeastern Europe from about 50,000 BP. In this sense, the material culture and natural environment of the region of the late Pleistocene and the early Holocene were distinct from other parts of Europe.
The Ancient North Eurasian component was introduced to Western Europe by people related to the Yamnaya culture. [140] Additional ANE ancestry is found in European populations through Paleolithic interactions with Eastern Hunter-Gatherers. [141]
Colonisation of Europe in prehistory was not achieved in one immigrating wave, but instead through multiple dispersal events. [2] Most of these instances in Eurasia were limited to 40th parallel north. [2] Besides the findings from East Anglia, the first constant presence of humans in Europe begins 500,000–600,000 years ago. [3]