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[8] Excavations at Balakot (c. 2500–1900 BCE), modern day Pakistan, have yielded evidence of an early furnace. [9] The furnace was most likely used for the manufacturing of ceramic objects. [9] Ovens, dating back to the civilization's mature phase (c. 2500–1900 BCE), were also excavated at Balakot. [9]
The extent of the Indus Valley Civilisation. This list of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilisation lists the technological and civilisational achievements of the Indus Valley Civilisation, an ancient civilisation which flourished in the Bronze Age around the general region of the Indus River and Ghaggar-Hakra River in what is today Pakistan and northwestern India.
By 1000 BC, civilizations used technologies that would eventually form the basis of the various branches of chemistry. Examples include the discovery of fire, extracting metals from ores, making pottery and glazes, fermenting beer and wine, extracting chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume, rendering fat into soap, making glass, and ...
In the Arthashastra, used for example in Magadha, precise standards were set as to grain production. Each state storehouse was equipped with a rain gauge to classify land for taxation purposes. [154] Touchstone – The touchstone was used during the Harappa period of the Indus Valley civilization ca. 2600–1900 BC for testing the purity of ...
Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. [1] It is a physical science within the natural sciences that studies the chemical elements that make up matter and compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during reactions with other substances.
The ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia were the oldest civilization in the world, beginning about 4000 BCE, here depicted around 2500 BCE, showing the different social roles in the Sumerian society of Ur. Ancient Egypt is an example of one of the first civilizations, building pyramids starting in the 3rd millennium BCE. [1]
A cradle of civilization is a location and a culture where civilization was developed independent of other civilizations in other locations. A civilization is any complex society characterized by the development of the state , social stratification , urbanization , and symbolic systems of communication beyond signed or spoken languages (namely ...
The copper-bronze metallurgy in the Harappan civilization was widespread and had a high variety and quality. [27] The early use of iron may have developed from the practice of copper-smelting. [ 28 ] While there is to date no proven evidence for smelted iron in the Indus Valley civilization , iron ore and iron items have been unearthed in eight ...