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Colour banding is a subtle form of posterization in digital images, caused by the colour of each pixel being rounded to the nearest of the digital colour levels. While posterization is often done for artistic effect, colour banding is an undesired artifact.
Unwanted posterization, also known as banding, may occur when the color depth, sometimes called bit depth, is insufficient to accurately sample a continuous gradation of color tone. As a result, a continuous gradient appears as a series of discrete steps or bands of color — hence the name.
System sharpness is affected by the lens (design and manufacturing quality, focal length, aperture, and distance from the image center) and sensor (pixel count and anti-aliasing filter). In the field, sharpness is affected by camera shake (a good tripod can be helpful), focus accuracy, and atmospheric disturbances (thermal effects and aerosols).
Noise shaping is a filtering process that shapes the spectral energy of quantization error, typically to either de-emphasize frequencies to which the ear is most sensitive or separate the signal and noise bands completely. If dither is used, its final spectrum depends on whether it is added inside or outside the feedback loop of the noise shaper.
These effects can occur in both analog and digital photography. Chromatic aberration due to optical dispersion through a lens, leading to color fringes at high-contrast boundaries in a photograph Purple fringing; Motion blur; Near-camera reflection, visual artifacts caused by the backscatter of light by unfocused particles
Design rule for Camera File system. A digital camera file system standard; JEITA number CP-3461. [10] DIN: Deutsches Institut für Normung. A logarithmic system for expressing film speed in common use in Europe since 1934. Now combined with the ASA linear system, in the form of the ISO system. [4] DOF or DoF: Depth of field.
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Banding may refer to: Banding (medical), procedures that use elastic bands for constriction; Bird banding/ringing, the marking of individual birds with bands or rings to enable individual identification; Colour banding, an inaccuracy in computer graphics; Edge banding, a woodworking technique; G banding, a genetic technique