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The primary benefit of aortography is the ability to precisely determine the location of injury for surgical planning. [4] Another imaging modality is CT angiogram which has a sensitivity of 100%. [4] A CT angiogram relies on timing the CT scan after a bolus of IV contrast is administered from a peripheral IV site.
Mitral valve repair is mainly used to treat stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation (leakage) of the mitral valve. [citation needed] A mitral balloon valvuloplasty enlarges the valve opening to allow greater oxygenated blood flow into the left ventricle, and since severe mitral regurgitation can be a major complication, degrees of stenosis, regurgitation, and valve anatomical features are taken ...
Aortic regurgitation (AR), also known as aortic insufficiency (AI), is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle. As a consequence, the cardiac muscle is forced to work harder than normal. [4]
A bicuspid aortic valve (a type of congenital heart disease involving the aortic valve) is found in 7–14% of individuals who have an aortic dissection. These individuals are prone to dissection in the ascending aorta. The risk of dissection in individuals with bicuspid aortic valves is not associated with the degree of stenosis of the valve.
Quadricuspid aortic valves are very rare cardiac valvular anomalies with a prevalence of 0.013% to 0.043% of cardiac cases [4] and a prevalence of 1 in 6000 patients that undertake aortic valve surgery. [5] There is a slight male predominance in all of the cases, and the mean age is 50.7. [5]
The other end of the channel is sewn to the bladder and a flap valve of tissue is created to prevent leakage from the stoma between catheterizations. [3] Sometimes, the bladder is enlarged with bowel tissue to enable greater urine storage in an additional procedure called bladder augmentation . [ 3 ]
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Valve failure or dysfunction can result in diminished heart functionality, though the particular consequences are dependent on the type and severity of valvular disease. Treatment of damaged valves may involve medication alone, but often involves surgical valve repair or valve replacement. [citation needed]