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The effect is named after Wilhelm Hanle, who was the first to explain the effect, in terms of classical physics, in Zeitschrift für Physik in 1924. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Initially, the causes of the effect were controversial, and many theorists mistakenly thought it was a version of the Faraday effect .
In quantum physics and quantum chemistry, an avoided crossing (AC, sometimes called intended crossing, [1] non-crossing or anticrossing) is the phenomenon where two eigenvalues of a Hermitian matrix representing a quantum observable and depending on continuous real parameters cannot become equal in value ("cross") except on a manifold of dimension . [2]
In quantum field theory, a branch of theoretical physics, crossing is the property of scattering amplitudes that allows antiparticles to be interpreted as particles going backwards in time. Crossing states that the same formula that determines the S-matrix elements and scattering amplitudes for particle to scatter with and produce particle and ...
Sketch of an avoided crossing.The graph represents the energies of the system along a parameter z (which may be vary in time). The dashed lines represent the energies of the diabatic states, which cross each other at z c, and the full lines represent the energy of the adiabatic states (eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian).
The time interval may be controlled by a level crossing predictor, an electronic device which is connected to the rails of a railroad track, and activates the crossing's warning devices (lights, bells, gates, etc.) at a consistent interval prior to the arrival of a train at a level crossing. [1]
This result has many names: the level-crossing phenomenon, recurrence or the gambler's ruin. The reason for the last name is as follows: a gambler with a finite amount of money will eventually lose when playing a fair game against a bank with an infinite amount of money. The gambler's money will perform a random walk, and it will reach zero at ...
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Gravitational time dilation is a form of time dilation, an actual difference of elapsed time between two events, as measured by observers situated at varying distances from a gravitating mass. The lower the gravitational potential (the closer the clock is to the source of gravitation), the slower time passes, speeding up as the gravitational ...