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Hyponatremia is the most common type of electrolyte imbalance, and is often found in older adults. [11] [12] It occurs in about 20% of those admitted to hospital and 10% of people during or after an endurance sporting event. [3] [5] Among those in hospital, hyponatremia is associated with an increased risk of death. [5]
With severe elevations, seizures and comas may occur. [8] Severe symptoms are usually due to acute elevation of the plasma sodium concentration to above 157 mmol/L [10] (normal blood levels are generally about 135–145 mmol/L for adults and elderly). [10] Values above 180 mmol/L are associated with a high mortality rate, particularly in adults ...
Hypernatremia (high blood sodium level, above 145 mEq/L) causes thirst, and due to brain cell shrinkage may cause confusion, muscle twitching, or spasms. With severe elevation, seizures and comas may occur. [11] [12] Death can be caused by ingestion of large amounts of salt at a time (about 1 g per kg of body weight). [13]
Epilepsy is more common among children than adults, affecting about 6 out of 1000 US children that are between the age of 0 to 5 years old. [2] The epileptic seizures can be of different types depending on the part of the brain that was affected, seizures are classified in 2 main types partial seizure or generalized seizure .
Vitamin B1 deficiency (thiamine deficiency) was reported to cause seizures, especially in alcoholics. [5] [6] [7] Vitamin B6 depletion (pyridoxine deficiency) was reported to be associated with pyridoxine-dependent seizures. [8] Vitamin B12 deficiency was reported to be the cause of seizures for adults [9] [10] and for infants. [11] [12]
Unsuppressed ADH causes a physiologically inappropriate increase in solute-free water being reabsorbed by the tubules of the kidney to the venous circulation leading to hypotonic hyponatremia (a low plasma osmolality and low sodium levels). [2] The causes of SIADH are commonly grouped into categories including: central nervous system diseases ...
Salt poisoning typically results in a feeling of confusion and jitteriness; more severe intoxication can cause seizures and coma. Death can result if medical intervention is not forthcoming. These symptoms are generally a consequence of hypernatremia – an abnormally high sodium level in the blood. (There are myriad causes of hypernatremia ...
[1] [2] The causes, severity, treatment, and outcomes of these disturbances can differ greatly depending on the implicated electrolyte. [3] The most serious electrolyte disturbances involve abnormalities in the levels of sodium, potassium or calcium. Other electrolyte imbalances are less common and often occur in conjunction with major ...