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Regardless of the cause, sequestration of fluid within the abdomen leads to additional fluid retention by the kidneys due to stimulatory effect on blood pressure hormones, notably aldosterone. The sympathetic nervous system is also activated, and renin production is increased due to decreased perfusion of the kidney.
Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) is an uncommon cause of chronic gastrointestinal bleeding or iron deficiency anemia. [1] [2] The condition is associated with dilated small blood vessels in the gastric antrum, which is a distal part of the stomach. [1] The dilated vessels result in intestinal bleeding. [3]
Main symptoms that may appear in anemia [20] The hand of a person with severe anemia (on the left, with ring) compared to one without (on the right). A person with anemia may not have any symptoms, depending on the underlying cause, and no symptoms may be noticed, as the anemia is initially mild, and then the symptoms become worse as the anemia worsens.
Iron-deficiency anemia is anemia caused by a lack of iron. [3] Anemia is defined as a decrease in the number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. [3] When onset is slow, symptoms are often vague such as feeling tired, weak, short of breath, or having decreased ability to exercise. [1]
Pernicious anemia is the most common cause of clinically evident vitamin B 12 deficiency worldwide. [14] Pernicious anemia due to autoimmune problems occurs in about one per 1000 people in the US. Among those over the age of 60, about 2% have the condition. [8] It more commonly affects people of northern European descent. [2]
Treatment depends on the type and cause of the hemolytic anemia. [2] Symptoms of hemolytic anemia are similar to other forms of anemia (fatigue and shortness of breath), but in addition, the breakdown of red cells leads to jaundice and increases the risk of particular long-term complications, such as gallstones [4] and pulmonary hypertension. [5]
Pernicious anemia is the most common cause of vitamin B 12 deficiency anemia in adults, which results from malabsorption of vitamin B 12 due to a lack or loss of intrinsic factor. [2] [8] There are relatively few studies which have assessed the impact of haematological measures in response to B 12 supplementation.
Small amounts of bleeding over a long time may cause iron-deficiency anemia resulting in feeling tired or heart-related chest pain. [1] Other symptoms may include abdominal pain, shortness of breath, pale skin, or passing out. [1] [9] Sometimes in those with small amounts of bleeding no symptoms may be present. [1]
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