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The word horizontal is derived from the Latin horizon, which derives from the Greek ὁρῐ́ζων, meaning 'separating' or 'marking a boundary'. [2] The word vertical is derived from the late Latin verticalis, which is from the same root as vertex, meaning 'highest point' or more literally the 'turning point' such as in a whirlpool.
The horizontal coordinate system is a celestial coordinate system that uses the observer's local horizon as the fundamental plane to define two angles of a spherical coordinate system: altitude and azimuth. Therefore, the horizontal coordinate system is sometimes called the az/el system, [1] the alt/az system, or the alt-azimuth system, among
The vertical shear displaces points to the right of the y-axis up or down, depending on the sign of m. It leaves vertical lines invariant, but tilts all other lines about the point where they meet the y-axis. Horizontal lines, in particular, get tilted by the shear angle to become lines with slope m.
A Cartesian coordinate system in two dimensions (also called a rectangular coordinate system or an orthogonal coordinate system [8]) is defined by an ordered pair of perpendicular lines (axes), a single unit of length for both axes, and an orientation for each axis. The point where the axes meet is taken as the origin for both, thus turning ...
A standard datum specification (whether horizontal, vertical, or 3D) consists of several parts: a model for Earth's shape and dimensions, such as a reference ellipsoid or a geoid; an origin at which the ellipsoid/geoid is tied to a known (often monumented) location on or inside Earth (not necessarily at 0 latitude 0 longitude); and multiple ...
abscissa-axis (horizontal) coordinate ordinate-axis (vertical) coordinate. Together they form an ordered pair which defines the location of a point in two-dimensional rectangular space. More technically, the abscissa of a point is the signed measure of its projection on the primary axis.
Horizontal and vertical integration, about control of value chains Horizontal integration , when a company increases production of goods or services at the same level of the value chain and in the same industry (e.g via internal expansion, acquisition or merger)
Vertical distance or vertical separation is the distance between two vertical positions. Many vertical coordinates exist for expressing vertical position: depth, height, altitude, elevation, etc. Points lying on an equigeopotential surface are said to be on the same vertical level , as in a water level .