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A chloroplast (/ ˈ k l ɔːr ə ˌ p l æ s t,-p l ɑː s t /) [1] [2] is a type of organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells. Chloroplasts have a high concentration of chlorophyll pigments which capture the energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy and release oxygen.
Chloroplasts have their own genome, which encodes a number of thylakoid proteins. However, during the course of plastid evolution from their cyanobacterial endosymbiotic ancestors, extensive gene transfer from the chloroplast genome to the cell nucleus took place. This results in the four major thylakoid protein complexes being encoded in part ...
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A diagram showing the simple structure of a chloroplast}} {{bs|1=Vektorska verzija datoteke File:Chloroplast-new.jpg. Dijagram prikazuje jednostavnu strukturu hloroplasta} File usage No pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed).
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Like mitochondria, chloroplasts have a double-membrane envelope, called the chloroplast envelope, but unlike mitochondria, chloroplasts also have internal membrane structures called thylakoids. Furthermore, one or two additional membranes may enclose chloroplasts in organisms that underwent secondary endosymbiosis , such as the euglenids and ...
English: Chloroplast ultrastructure outer membrane; intermembrane space; inner membrane (1+2+3: envelope) stroma (aqueous fluid) thylakoid lumen (inside of thylakoid) thylakoid membrane; granum (stack of thylakoids) thylakoid (lamella) starch; ribosome; plastidial DNA; plastoglobule (drop of lipids)
2—Traffic—Chloroplast Division. 3 ... Corrected switched labels and updated to new layered text standard: 16:14, 13 October 2013: 1,600 × 1,120 (1.25 MB)