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However, once the ability to down-regulate behavior to divert resources for immune function existed, the underlying mechanisms could then be used by other systems. This is thought to then allow for additional adaptations that add cognitive symptoms unique to melancholic depression to those stemming from normal sickness behavior. [14]
There is some evidence that there is decreased nigrostriatal pathway activity in people with melancholic depression (psychomotor retardation). [42] Further supporting the role of dopamine in depression is the consistent finding of decreased cerebrospinal fluid and jugular metabolites of dopamine, [ 43 ] as well as post mortem findings of ...
Atypical depression can be differentiated from melancholic depression via verbal fluency tests and psychomotor speed tests. Although both show impairment in several areas such as visuospatial memory and verbal fluency, melancholic patients tend to show more impairment than atypical depressed patients.
Positive affectivity (PA) is a human characteristic that describes how much people experience positive affects (sensations, emotions, sentiments); and as a consequence how they interact with others and with their surroundings. [1] People with high positive affectivity are typically enthusiastic, energetic, confident, active, and alert.
Conversely, positive affect, the tendency to react positively and to maintain high energy levels and high amounts of positive emotion, may serve as a buffer against depression. Additionally, the tendency to make negative internal attributions predisposes individuals to the development of hopelessness and depression.
Depression is a mental state of low mood and aversion to activity. [3] It affects about 3.5% of the global population, or about 280 million people worldwide, as of 2020. [4] Depression affects a person's thoughts, behavior, feelings, and sense of well-being. [5]
[13] [18] Signs of low positive affect include fatigue, loneliness, sadness, and lethargy. [13] Positive affect is important because it is a construct used in order to differentiate depression from anxiety. [1] [20] Many studies were completed to evaluate the role of positive affect in the tripartite model.
The affective spectrum is a spectrum of mood disorders. [1] It is a grouping of related psychiatric and medical disorders which may accompany bipolar, unipolar, and schizoaffective disorders at statistically higher rates than would normally be expected.
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