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The neutral axis is an axis in the cross section of a beam (a member resisting bending) or shaft along which there are no longitudinal stresses or strains. Theory
Bending is a manufacturing process that produces a V-shape, U-shape, or channel shape along a straight axis in ductile materials, most commonly sheet metal. [1] Commonly used equipment include box and pan brakes, brake presses, and other specialized machine presses.
An evenly loaded beam, bending (sagging) under load. The neutral plane is shown by the dotted line. In mechanics, the neutral plane or neutral surface is a conceptual plane within a beam or cantilever. When loaded by a bending force, the beam bends so that the inner surface is in compression and the outer surface is in tension.
This observation is the basis of the I-beam cross-section; the neutral axis runs along the center of the web which can be relatively thin and most of the material can be concentrated in the flanges. The ideal beam is the one with the least cross-sectional area (and hence requiring the least material) needed to achieve a given section modulus .
where is the Young's modulus, is the area moment of inertia of the cross-section, (,) is the deflection of the neutral axis of the beam, and is mass per unit length of the beam. Free vibrations [ edit ]
Here, is the distance from the neutral axis to a point of interest; and is the bending moment. Note that this equation implies that pure bending (of positive sign) will cause zero stress at the neutral axis, positive (tensile) stress at the "top" of the beam, and negative (compressive) stress at the bottom of the beam; and also implies that the ...
Next, suppose that the material is also subjected to bending forces. The max tensile stress equation of bending is = /, where is the bending moment, is the distance from the neutral axis, and is the moment of inertia. This is shown in Figure 2.
A forming limit diagram, also known as a forming limit curve, is used in sheet metal forming for predicting forming behavior of sheet metal. [1] [2] The diagram attempts to provide a graphical description of material failure tests, such as a punched dome test. In order to determine whether a given region has failed, a mechanical test is performed.