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Learn about the structure, properties, and functions of ATP, the "molecular unit of currency" for intracellular energy transfer. ATP is a nucleotide composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups, which can bind metal cations and undergo hydrolysis.
Cellular respiration is the process of converting nutrients into energy (ATP) and waste products in the cells of living organisms. It can be aerobic (using oxygen) or anaerobic (using other electron acceptors), and involves glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is an organic compound that stores and transfers energy in living cells. It is formed by removing a phosphate group from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and can be converted back to ATP by adding a phosphate group.
ATP hydrolysis is the process of releasing energy from the phosphoanhydride bonds in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by producing adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). Learn about the structure, mechanism, and significance of ATP hydrolysis in biology and chemistry.
The production of ATP is achieved through the oxidation of glucose molecules. In oxidation, the electrons are stripped from a glucose molecule to reduce NAD+ and FAD. NAD+ and FAD possess a high energy potential to drive the production of ATP in the electron transport chain. ATP production occurs in the mitochondria of the cell.
ATP synthase is a molecular machine that catalyzes the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (P i ). It consists of two regions, F O and F 1, that work together to create a proton gradient and a rotational motor mechanism across a cellular membrane.
Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a membrane down their electrochemical gradient, which can be used to make ATP by the enzyme ATP synthase. The proton-motive force is the measure of the potential energy stored as a combination of proton and voltage gradients across the membrane, and is generated by an electron transport chain.
Oxidative phosphorylation is the metabolic pathway that produces ATP by oxidizing nutrients and using the energy of O 2. It takes place in the mitochondria of eukaryotes and the cell membrane of prokaryotes, using the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.