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The bonding in carbon dioxide (CO 2): all atoms are surrounded by 8 electrons, fulfilling the octet rule. The octet rule is a chemical rule of thumb that reflects the theory that main-group elements tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell , giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas .
Octet rule is used with Lewis structures for main group elements, especially the lighter ones such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, 18-electron rule [2] in inorganic chemistry and organometallic chemistry of transition metals, Hückel's rule for the π-electrons of aromatic compounds,
Satisfy the octet rule. Both oxygen atoms currently have 8 electrons assigned to them. The nitrogen atom has only 6 electrons assigned to it. One of the lone pairs on an oxygen atom must form a double bond, but either atom will work equally well. Therefore, there is a resonance structure. Tie up loose ends.
[7] [8] While Lewis supported the viewpoint of expanded octet, invoking s-p-d hybridized orbitals and maintaining 2c–2e bonds between neighboring atoms, Langmuir instead opted for maintaining the octet rule, invoking an ionic basis for bonding in hypervalent compounds (see Hypervalent molecule, valence bond theory diagrams for PF 5 and SF 6). [9]
Main-group atoms generally obey the octet rule, while transition metals generally obey the 18-electron rule. The noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn) are less reactive than other elements because they already have a noble gas configuration. Oganesson is predicted to be more reactive due to relativistic effects for heavy atoms.
Valence Bond theory describes chemical bonding better than Lewis Theory, which states that atoms share or transfer electrons so that they achieve the octet rule. It does not take into account orbital interactions or bond angles, and treats all covalent bonds equally. [8]
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In organic chemistry, carbenes are molecules which have carbon atoms with only six electrons in their valence shells and therefore disobey the octet rule. [5] Carbenes generally split into singlet carbenes and triplet carbenes, named for their spin multiplicities.