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Conspiracy against the United States, or conspiracy to defraud the United States, [1] is a federal offense in the United States of America under 18 U.S.C. § 371.The statute originated under a federal law enacted in 1867 that was codified in the Revised Statutes of the United States in 1874, [2] in a subsequent codification of federal penal statutes in 1909, [3] and ultimately in the United ...
In the law of countries whose legal systems derive from English common law, uttering is a crime similar to forgery. Uttering and forgery were originally common law offences, both misdemeanours . Forgery was the creation of a forged document, with the intent to defraud; whereas uttering was merely use – the passing – of a forged document ...
This was a major mischief at which the 1977 Act was aimed, [citation needed] although it retained the convenient concept of a common law conspiracy to defraud: see Law Com No 76, paras 1.9 and 1.16. Henceforward, according to the Law Commission, it would only be an offence to agree to engage in a course of conduct which was itself a criminal ...
Under New York State law, falsifying business records in the second degree is a class A misdemeanor, while falsifying business records in the first degree is a class E felony. [1] The elements for the misdemeanor second-degree crime are: A person is guilty of falsifying business records in the second degree when, with intent to defraud, he:
Proving fraud in a court of law is often said to be difficult as the intention to defraud is the key element in question. [4] As such, proving fraud comes with a "greater evidentiary burden than other civil claims". This difficulty is exacerbated by the fact that some jurisdictions require the victim to prove fraud by clear and convincing ...
The defendant, in the County of New York and elsewhere, on or about March 17, 2017, with intent to defraud and intent to commit another crime and aid and conceal the commission thereof, made and ...
The standard definition of a conspiracy to defraud was provided by Lord Dilhorne in Scott v Metropolitan Police Commissioner, [1] when he said that: . it is clearly the law that an agreement by two or more by dishonesty to deprive a person of something which is his or to which he is or would be entitled and an agreement by two or more by dishonesty to injure some proprietary right of his ...
Forgery is a white-collar crime that generally consists of the false making or material alteration of a legal instrument with the specific intent to defraud. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Tampering with a certain legal instrument may be forbidden by law in some jurisdictions but such an offense is not related to forgery unless the tampered legal instrument was ...