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These cannot be determined by plain films, as the x-ray passes through the soft tissue. A study by Giles et al., stated that sixteen of the thirty patients (53%) had retrolisthesis of L5 on S1 ranging from 2–9 mm; these patients had either intervertebral disc bulging or protrusion on CT examination ranging from 3–7 mm into the spinal canal.
A retrolisthesis is a posterior displacement of one vertebral body with respect to the subjacent vertebra to a degree less than a luxation (dislocation). Retrolistheses are most easily diagnosed on lateral x-ray views of the spine.
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Spondylolysis is a common cause of low back pain in preadolescents and adolescent athletes, as it accounts for about 50% of all low back pain. [7] It is believed that both repetitive trauma and an inherent genetic weakness can make an individual more susceptible to spondylolysis.
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Those with European heritage have a 0.2% to 0.7% prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] [ 60 ] Reactive arthritis prevalence is unknown and likely varies with time based on endemic rates of the enteric ( Shigella , Salmonella , Campylobacter ) and sexually acquired ( chlamydia ) infections that cause it. [ 5 ]