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The radula (US: / ˈ r æ dʒ ʊ l ə /; pl.: radulae or radulas) [1] is an anatomical structure used by mollusks for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. [2] It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters the esophagus .
The most common compounds found in Radula species are 3,5-dihydroxy-2-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)bibenzyl and 2-geranyl-3,5-dihydroxybibenzyl, which often form the basic structure for more complex molecules in these plants. [17] Of particular interest is the presence of compounds similar to those found in cannabis (cannabinoids) in some Radula species
Radula allisonii Castle Radula amentulosa Mitt. Radula amoena Herzog Radula anceps Sande Lac. Radula aneurysmalis (Hook.f. & Taylor) Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees Radula angulata Steph. Radula anisotoma M.A.M.Renner Radula appressa Mitt. Radula aquilegia (Hook.f. & Taylor) Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees Radula assamica Steph. Radula australiana K.Yamada
Cladoradula perrottetii grows as an epiphyte (a plant that grows on other plants) in moist, shaded environments. It has been found in several Asian countries including: India (Eastern Himalayas, Western Ghats, Central India, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands), China, Indonesia, Japan, Nepal, Taiwan, and Thailand.
Radula demissa forms interwoven mats of shoots that are 1.0–2.0 mm wide and up to 40 mm long. The shoots are regularly pinnately branched in male plants and sterile female plants, but become pseudodichotomous in fertile female plants due to the production of paired innovations below the female reproductive structures.
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Radula visianica is a small, green to yellowish-green plant that grows in patches. Individual shoots are typically 0.3–1.5 mm (0.012–0.059 in) wide and can reach up to 20 mm (0.79 in) in length.
Solidago radula is a perennial herb up to 90 cm (3 feet) tall, with a caudex and rhizomes. Lower leaves can be up to 10 cm (4 inches) long, leaves higher on the stem much smaller. One plant can produce as many as 260 small yellow flower heads in a branching array. The species grows in open rocky places and in dry woodlands. [6]