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Red dwarfs [12] are the smallest, coolest, and most common type of star. Estimates of their abundance range from 70% of stars in spiral galaxies to more than 90% of all stars in elliptical galaxies, [13] [14] an often quoted median figure being 72–76% of the stars in the Milky Way (known since the 1990s from radio telescopic observation to be a barred spiral). [15]
The habitability of F-type systems may be impaired, though, by the fact that they make up only 3% of the stars in the Milky way, compared to 6–8% for G-types, 12–13% for K-types, and ~70% for red dwarfs. Further study is required to make decisive conclusions about the frequency of habitable planets around F-type stars. [3] [5]
Large spiral galaxies, like the Milky Way, have the heavy element needs for life at its center and out to about half distance from center bar. [72] Not all large spiral galaxies are the same, spiral galaxies with too much active star formation can kill the galaxy and life.
Previously, astronomers have spotted the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way giving a swift kick to a star, which will leave the galaxy for good in about 100 million years. A ...
A substellar object may be a companion of a star, [9] such as an exoplanet or brown dwarf that is orbiting a star. [10] Objects as low as 8–23 Jupiter masses have been called substellar companions. [11] Objects orbiting a star are often called planets below 13 Jupiter masses and brown dwarves above that. [12]
The Milky Way [c] is the galaxy that includes the Solar System, with the name describing the galaxy's appearance from Earth: a hazy band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that cannot be individually distinguished by the naked eye.
Red dwarf: This was once the smallest known actively fusing star, when found in 2005, through 2013. It is the smallest eclipsing red dwarf, and smallest observationally measured diameter. [101] [102] [103] CoRoT-15b: 82,200 Brown dwarf [104] VB 10: 82,300 Red dwarf: It was the smallest known star from 1948 to 1981. [105] TRAPPIST-1: 82,925
The Jovian planet was the first discovered around a red dwarf. [2] [3] First discovered with giant planet(s) Gliese 876: 1998 Gliese 876 b: The giant planet was the first planet discovered around a red dwarf. [2] [3] First discovered with terrestrial planet(s) Kepler-42 : 2012 KOI-961 b KOI-961 c KOI-961 d