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In biochemistry, denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose folded structure present in their native state due to various factors, including application of some external stress or compound, such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), agitation and radiation, or heat. [3]
These profiles can be compared to results of an actual denaturation experiment to map the contigs. [2] To this end, more recently it was shown that it is feasible to apply this method to large eukaryotic genomes with the mapping attempt on yeast [5] Another recent application of denaturation of mapping is haplotype-phasing.
In this image, a gene from one bacterial cell is moved to another bacterial cell. This process of the second bacterial cell taking up new genetic material is called transformation. In molecular biology and genetics , transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic ...
The first one is the restriction ... Denaturation: If alkaline transfer methods are ... Normal chromosomal or gene rearrangement can be studied using this technique. ...
Furthermore, one can assess whether the folding proceeds according to a two-state unfolding as described above. This can be done with differential scanning calorimetry by comparing the calorimetric enthalpy of denaturation i.e. the area under the peak, A peak {\displaystyle A_{\text{peak}}} to the van 't Hoff enthalpy described as follows:
They can also be converted into glucose. [4] This glucose can then be converted to triglycerides and stored in fat cells. [5] Proteins can be broken down by enzymes known as peptidases or can break down as a result of denaturation. Proteins can denature in environmental conditions the protein is not made for. [6]
Damage to DNA that occurs naturally can result from metabolic or hydrolytic processes. Metabolism releases compounds that damage DNA including reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, reactive carbonyl species, lipid peroxidation products, and alkylating agents, among others, while hydrolysis cleaves chemical bonds in DNA. [8]
Horizontal gene transfer is a potential confounding factor in inferring phylogenetic trees based on the sequence of one gene. [163] For example, given two distantly related bacteria that have exchanged a gene a phylogenetic tree including those species will show them to be closely related because that gene is the same even though most other ...