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The word Jawi (جاوي) is a shortening of the term in Arabic: الجزائر الجاوي, romanized: Al-Jaza'ir Al-Jawi, lit. 'Java Archipelago', which is the term used by Arabs for Nusantara. [3] [4] The word jawi is a loanword from Javanese: ꦗꦮꦶ, romanized: jawi which is Javanese Krama word to refer to the Java Island or Javanese people.
The Latin alphabet, known in Malay as Rumi (Roman alphabet), is prescribed by law as the official script of Malaysian Malay, and the Arabic alphabet called Jawi (or Malay script) is not legally prescribed for that purpose. Rumi is official while efforts are currently being undertaken to preserve the Jawi script and to revive its use in Malaysia.
The Malay alphabet has a phonemic orthography; words are spelled the way they are pronounced, with a notable defectiveness: /ə/ and /e/ are both written as E/e.The names of the letters, however, differ between Indonesia and rest of the Malay-speaking countries; while Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore follow the letter names of the English alphabet, Indonesia largely follows the letter names of ...
During the 20th century, Malay written with Roman letters, known as Rumi, almost completely replaced Jawi in everyday life. The romanisations originally used in British Malaya (now part of Malaysia ) and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia ) reflected their history as British and Dutch colonial possessions respectively.
Rumi (Latin) and Jawi are co-official in Brunei only. Names of institutions and organisations have to use Jawi and Rumi (Latin) scripts. Jawi is used fully in schools, especially the religious school, sekolah agama, which is compulsory during the afternoon for Muslim students aged from around 6–7 up to 12–14.
Cham Jawi is a variant of the Jawi adaptation of the Arabic script used to write the Cham language, mainly Western Cham.This variation of writing was developed at the beginning of the arrival of Islam in Champa around the 14th to 15th centuries, mainly due to the influence of the Sultanate of Malacca on the Malay Peninsula.
Malay written in Jawi script generally utilizes both Arabic letters ء and ع , in addition to letter ق , as glottal stops which transliterated in the old Rumi orthographies with apostrophes ' . The Congress spelling are in agreement that Rumi phonemes for both letters are similar.
The transition to Rumi changed the Malay language due to the influence of English grammar. [50] In 1972, Malaysia and Indonesia reached an agreement to standardise Rumi Malay spelling. [51] Singaporean Malays still learn some Jawi as children alongside Rumi, [52] and Jawi is considered an ethnic script for use on Singaporean Identity Cards. [53]