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A proton, the only baryon stable in isolation, has two up quarks and one down quark, confined via the exchange of gluons. Baryons are composite particles made of three quarks, as opposed to mesons, which are composite particles made of one quark and one antiquark.
All quarks are assigned a baryon number of 1 / 3 . Up, charm and top quarks have an electric charge of + 2 / 3 , while the down, strange, and bottom quarks have an electric charge of − 1 / 3 . Antiquarks have the opposite quantum numbers. Quarks are spin- 1 / 2 particles, and thus fermions. Each quark or antiquark ...
Exotic hadrons are subatomic particles composed of quarks and gluons, but which – unlike "well-known" hadrons such as protons, neutrons and mesons – consist of more than three valence quarks. By contrast, "ordinary" hadrons contain just two or three quarks. Hadrons with explicit valence gluon content would also be considered exotic. [1]
) quarks to be heavy. The rules cover all the particles that can be made from three of each of the six quarks, even though baryons made of top quarks are not expected to exist because of the top quark's short lifetime. The rules do not cover pentaquarks. [20] Baryons with (any combination of) three u and/or d quarks are N s (I = 1 / 2 ...
Except for the proton and neutron, all other hadrons are unstable and decay into other particles in microseconds or less. A proton is made of two up quarks and one down quark, while the neutron is made of two down quarks and one up quark. These commonly bind together into an atomic nucleus, e.g. a helium-4 nucleus is composed of two protons and ...
QCD predicts that quarks and antiquarks bind into particles called mesons. Another type of hadron is called a baryon, that is made of three quarks. There is good experimental evidence for both mesons and baryons. Potentially QCD also has bound states of just gluons called glueballs.
The current quark mass is also called the mass of the 'naked' quarks. The mass of the current quark is reduced by the term of the constituent quark covering mass.. The current quark mass is a logical consequence of the mathematical formalism of the quantum field theory (QFT), so the idea does not arise from a strictly descriptive report of observations.
Up, charm, and top quarks (collectively referred to as up-type quarks) have a charge of + 2 / 3 e; down, strange, and bottom quarks (down-type quarks) have a charge of − 1 / 3 e. Antiquarks have the opposite charge to their corresponding quarks; up-type antiquarks have charges of − 2 / 3 e and down-type antiquarks ...