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A well-known electrosynthesis is the Kolbe electrolysis, in which two carboxylic acids decarboxylate, and the remaining structures bond together:; A variation is called the non-Kolbe reaction when a heteroatom (nitrogen or oxygen) is present at the α-position.
English chemist John Daniell (left) and physicist Michael Faraday (right), both credited as founders of electrochemistry. Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry concerned with the relationship between electrical potential difference and identifiable chemical change .
The upper graph shows the current density as function of the overpotential η . The anodic and cathodic current densities are shown as j a and j c, respectively for α=α a =α c =0.5 and j 0 =1mAcm −2 (close to values for platinum and palladium).
In electrochemistry, the electrochemical potential of electrons (or any other species) is the total potential, including both the (internal, nonelectrical) chemical potential and the electric potential, and is by definition constant across a device in equilibrium, whereas the chemical potential of electrons is equal to the electrochemical ...
Potentiometry passively measures the potential of a solution between two electrodes, affecting the solution very little in the process. One electrode is called the reference electrode and has a constant potential, while the other one is an indicator electrode whose potential changes with the sample's composition.
When a three-electrode cell is used to perform electroanalytical chemistry, the auxiliary electrode, along with the working electrode, provides a circuit over which current is either applied or measured. Here, the potential of the auxiliary electrode is usually not measured and is adjusted so as to balance the reaction occurring at the working ...
They are a class of electrodes named pseudo-reference electrodes because they do not maintain a constant potential but vary predictably with conditions. If the conditions are known, the potential can be calculated and the electrode can be used as a reference.
Daniell cells, 1836. The Daniell cell is a type of electrochemical cell invented in 1836 by John Frederic Daniell, a British chemist and meteorologist, and consists of a copper pot filled with a copper (II) sulfate solution, in which is immersed an unglazed earthenware container filled with sulfuric acid and a zinc electrode.