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Phentermine is a stimulant that suppresses appetite by affecting the central nervous system. It’s typically prescribed for short-term use (a few weeks) in conjunction with eating healthy and ...
A wide variety of alkaloid and non-alkaloid compounds have been identified in various species of ephedra.Of the six ephedrine-type ingredients found in ephedra (at concentrations of 0.02-3.4%), the most common are ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, [12] which are the sources of its stimulant and thermogenic effects. [3]
Stimulants can affect various functions, including arousal, attention, the reward system, learning, memory, and emotion. Effects range from mild stimulation to euphoria, depending on the specific drug, dose, route of administration, and inter-individual characteristics. Stimulants have a long history of use, both for medical and non-medical ...
In 2008, stimulants, such as caffeine, were the most commonly used nootropic agent. [15] In 2016, the American Medical Association adopted a policy to discourage prescriptions of nootropics for healthy people, on the basis that the cognitive effects appear to be highly variable among individuals, are dose-dependent, and limited or modest at ...
The world's leader in Captagon trade has been Syria, generating an estimated $10 billion for the country -- and an estimated $2.4 billion a year directly for the Assad regime, according to a 2023 ...
Stimulants derived from plants (e.g., Cola nitida, Bufotein, etc.) were used by the Roman gladiators to overcome injuries and fatigue. [52] In the late 19th century as modern medicine and pharmacology were developing, PEDs saw an increase in use. [53] Supplements were now exclusively being used to enhance muscular work capacity. [53]
The mechanisms of sympathomimetic drugs can be direct-acting (direct interaction between drug and receptor), such as α-adrenergic agonists, β-adrenergic agonists, and dopaminergic agonists; or indirect-acting (interaction not between drug and receptor), such as MAOIs, COMT inhibitors, release stimulants, and reuptake inhibitors that increase the levels of endogenous catecholamines.
Adderall and Mydayis [11] are trade names [note 2] for a combination drug containing four salts of amphetamine.The mixture is composed of equal parts racemic amphetamine and dextroamphetamine, which produces a (3:1) ratio between dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine, the two enantiomers of amphetamine. [13]
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