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The cooling period is reproduced by current (1999 on) global climate models that include the physical effects of sulfate aerosols, and there is now general agreement that aerosol effects were the dominant cause of the mid-20th century cooling. At the time there were two physical mechanisms that were most frequently advanced to cause cooling ...
In the 1980s, the terms global warming and climate change became more common, often being used interchangeably. [29] [30] [31] Scientifically, global warming refers only to increased surface warming, while climate change describes both global warming and its effects on Earth's climate system, such as precipitation changes. [28]
Global warming occurs when earth receives more energy than it gives back to space, and global cooling takes place when the outgoing energy is greater. [3] Multiple types of measurements and observations show a warming imbalance since at least year 1970. [4] [5] The rate of heating from this human-caused event is without precedent.
8.2-kiloyear event – Rapid global cooling about 8,200 years ago; Hockey stick graph (global temperature) – Graph in climate science; Little Ice Age – Climatic cooling after the Medieval Warm Period (16th–19th centuries) Medieval Warm Period – Period of warm climate in North Atlantic region lasting from about 950 CE to about 1250
Global warming potential (GWP) is a measure of how much heat a greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere over a specific time period, relative to carbon dioxide (CO 2). [1]: 2232 It is expressed as a multiple of warming caused by the same mass of carbon dioxide (CO 2). Therefore, by definition CO 2 has a GWP of 1.
When stated in terms of temperature differences, Newton's law (with several further simplifying assumptions, such as a low Biot number and a temperature-independent heat capacity) results in a simple differential equation expressing temperature-difference as a function of time. The solution to that equation describes an exponential decrease of ...
Global map of the flux of heat, in mW/m 2, from Earth's interior to the surface. [1] The largest values of heat flux coincide with mid-ocean ridges, and the smallest values of heat flux occur in stable continental interiors. Earth's internal heat budget is fundamental to the thermal history of the Earth.
Projected global surface temperature changes relative to 1850–1900, based on CMIP6 multi-model mean changes. The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report defines global mean surface temperature (GMST) as the "estimated global average of near-surface air temperatures over land and sea ice, and sea surface temperature (SST) over ice-free ocean regions, with changes normally expressed as departures from a ...