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Available from 2014, replacing syllabus 6050; cannot be combined with syllabuses 0638 & 0649 link: CIE 7010 Computer Studies: Yes Yes Partial Common with syllabus 0420 ; last exam in 2014, to be replaced with syllabus 2210 from 2015 link: CIE 7017 Computer Studies (Singapore) Yes Yes No Singapore only; last exam in 2014 syllabus: CIE 7048
Biomagnification, also known as bioamplification or biological magnification, is the increase in concentration of a substance, e.g a pesticide, in the tissues of organisms at successively higher levels in a food chain. [1] This increase can occur as a result of: Persistence – where the substance cannot be broken down by environmental processes.
Optical magnification is the ratio between the apparent size of an object (or its size in an image) and its true size, and thus it is a dimensionless number. Optical magnification is sometimes referred to as "power" (for example "10× power"), although this can lead to confusion with optical power.
Most IGCSE subjects offer a choice of tiered examinations: Core or Extended papers (in Cambridge International), and Foundation or Higher papers (in Edexcel). This is designed to make IGCSE suitable for students with varying levels of ability. In some subjects, IGCSE can be taken with or without coursework.
The ratio of the focal length of the objective and the eyepiece, when mounted in a standard tube length, gives an approximate magnification of the system. Due to their design, compound microscopes have improved resolving power and contrast in comparison to simple microscopes, [ 11 ] and can be used to view the structure, shape and motility of a ...
Thus a Four Thirds system macro lens like the Laowa 50mm f/2.8 2X Ultra Macro Lens with a maximum image magnification of 2.0x [29] is rated as having a "4.0x 35 mm equivalent magnification". [ 30 ] To calculate 35 mm equivalent reproduction ratio, simply multiply the actual maximum magnification of the lens by the 35 mm conversion factor, or ...
Different apertures of a lens In biology, the pupil (appearing as a black hole) of the eye is its aperture and the iris is its diaphragm. In humans, the pupil can constrict to as small as 2 mm (f / 8.3) and dilate to larger than 8 mm (f / 2.1) in some individuals.
This section covers some additional formula for evaluating depth of field; however they are all subject to significant simplifying assumptions: for example, they assume the paraxial approximation of Gaussian optics. They are suitable for practical photography, lens designers would use significantly more complex ones.