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Scribal abbreviation "iħm xp̄m ⁊ dm̄" for "ihesum christum et deum" in a manuscript of the Epistle to the Galatians. Scribal abbreviations, or sigla (singular: siglum), are abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in various languages, including Latin, Greek, Old English and Old Norse.
Latin was once the universal academic language in Europe. From the 18th century, authors started using their mother tongues to write books, papers or proceedings. Even when Latin fell out of use, many Latin abbreviations continued to be used due to their precise simplicity and Latin's status as a learned language. [citation needed]
The following list contains a selection from the Latin abbreviations that occur in the writings and inscriptions of the Romans. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] A few other non-classical Latin abbreviations are added. Contents:
Abbreviations for classical authors and texts are abbreviations used to refer to ancient authors and their works that are used in academic publications in the field of classical studies (Latin and Ancient Greek language, literature, history, archaeology). Two systems are in common use, based on the abbreviations lists of standard reference works:
Medieval manuscripts abound in abbreviations, owing in part to the abandonment of the uncial, or quasi-uncial, and the almost universal use of the cursive, hand.The medieval writer inherited a few from Christian antiquity; others he invented or adapted, in order to save time and parchment.
The word "manuscript" derives from the Latin: manūscriptum (from manus, hand and scriptum from scribere, to write), and is first recorded in English in 1597. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] An earlier term in English that shares the meaning of a handwritten document is "hand-writ" (or "handwrit"), which is first attested around 1175 and is now rarely used. [ 5 ] .
List of Latin abbreviations; List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names ... Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4 ...
Example of 15th-century Latin manuscript text with scribal abbreviations. An abbreviation (from Latin brevis, meaning "short" [1]) is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method including shortening, contraction, initialism (which includes acronym) or crasis. An abbreviation may be a shortened form of a word, usually ended with a ...