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Aflatoxin B 1 is an aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. It is a very potent carcinogen with a TD 50 3.2 μg/kg/day in rats. [ 4 ] This carcinogenic potency varies across species with some, such as rats and monkeys, seemingly much more susceptible than others.
[11] [12] [13] Adults have a higher tolerance to exposure, but are also at risk. No animal species is known to be immune. Aflatoxins are among the most carcinogenic substances known. [14] After entering the body, aflatoxins may be metabolized by the liver to a reactive epoxide intermediate or hydroxylated to become the less harmful aflatoxin M 1.
A. parasiticus produces aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, named for the colours emitted under UV light on thin-layer chromatography plates—either blue and green. The numbers refer to the type of compound with 1 being major and 2 being minor. [3] These aflatoxins are carcinogenic mycotoxins which have detrimental effects to humans and livestock. [4]
The discovery of aflatoxins led to substantial changes in agricultural practices and regulations on how grains and legumes were grown, harvested, and stored. [21] The amount of aflatoxins produced by A. flavus is affected by environmental factors. If other competitive fungal organisms are present on host plants, aflatoxin production is low.
Aflatoxin B 1, the most toxic, is a potent carcinogen and has been directly correlated to adverse health effects, such as liver cancer, in many animal species. [11] Aflatoxins are largely associated with commodities produced in the tropics and subtropics, such as cotton, peanuts, spices, pistachios, and maize.
Aflatoxin B 1 exo-8,9-epoxide is a toxic metabolite of aflatoxin B 1.It's formed by the action of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver. [1]In the liver, aflatoxin B 1 is metabolized to aflatoxin B 1 exo-8,9-epoxide by the cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Aflatoxin M 1 may be found in milk, including human milk. In cows, sheep, goats and buffaloes that have consumed feeds contaminated with aflatoxin B 1, aflatoxin M 1 will be formed as a result of the metabolic process in the livers of ruminants and excreted in their milk. Humans can be exposed to the toxins through consumption of contaminated ...
Sterigmatocystin is a polyketide mycotoxin produced by certain species of Aspergillus.The toxin is naturally found in some cheeses.. Sterigmatocystin is a toxic metabolite structurally closely related to the aflatoxins as it is the penultimate precursor of aflatoxins B1 and G1. [1]