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The vertebral column usually contains 54 bones: 7 cervical vertebrae, including the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) which support and help move the skull, 18 (or rarely, 19) thoracic, [2] 5-6 lumbar, 5 sacral (which fuse together to form the sacrum), and 15-25 caudal [2] vertebrae with an average of 18. Differences in number may occur, particularly in ...
In other animals the number of thoracic vertebrae can vary greatly; [2] for example, most marsupials have 13, but koalas have only 11. [ 3 ] 12 to 15 is common among mammals , with 18 to 20 in horses , tapirs , rhinoceroses , and elephants , and extremes in mammals are marked by certain sloths with 25 and cetaceans with 9.
Points of a horse. Equine anatomy encompasses the gross and microscopic anatomy of horses, ponies and other equids, including donkeys, mules and zebras.While all anatomical features of equids are described in the same terms as for other animals by the International Committee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature in the book Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria, there are many horse-specific ...
Ideally, the length of a horse's back from the peak of the withers to the point of the hip should be 1/3 of the horse's overall body length (from the point of the shoulder to the point of the buttock, excluding head and neck). A horse's back is called "long" if the length exceeds 1/3 and "short" if less than 1/3.
Helps to raise the shoulder toward the head, and raise the neck upward. Scalenus: originates on the cranial and lateral side of the first rib, inserts into the transverse process of the cervical vertebrae (C4-C7). Semispinalis capitis: originates on the cervical vertebrae and first 6-7 thoracic vertebrae.
Most horses have 18 thoracic vertebrae. The processes at the withers can be more than 30 centimetres (12 in) long. Since they do not move relative to the ground as the horse's head does, the withers are used as the measuring point for the height of a horse. Horses are sometimes measured in hands – one hand is 4 inches (10.2 cm). Horse heights ...
Excluding rare deviations, the total number of vertebrae ranges from 32 to 35. [6] In about 10% of people, both the total number of pre-sacral vertebrae and the number of vertebrae in individual parts of the spine can vary. [7] [8] [9] The most frequent deviations are: 11 (rarely 13) thoracic vertebrae, 4 or 6 lumbar vertebrae, 3 or 5 coccygeal ...
For instance, the S1–S5 vertebrae of a horse will fuse, the S1–S3 of a dog will fuse, and four pelvic vertebrae of a rat will fuse between the lumbar and the caudal vertebrae of its tail. [ 3 ] The Stegosaurus dinosaur had a greatly enlarged neural canal in the sacrum, characterized as a " posterior brain case ".