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Sufism is the mystical branch of Islam in which Muslims seek divine love and truth through direct personal experience of God. [1] This mystic tradition within Islam developed in several stages of growth, emerging first in the form of early asceticism, based on the teachings of Hasan al-Basri, before entering the second stage of more classical mysticism of divine love, as promoted by al-Ghazali ...
The Arabic word tasawwuf (lit. ' 'Sufism' '), generally translated as Sufism, is commonly defined by Western authors as Islamic mysticism. [14] [15] [16] The Arabic term Sufi has been used in Islamic literature with a wide range of meanings, by both proponents and opponents of Sufism. [14]
For each tariqa in Sufism, there are specific collective litany rules comprising a minimum number of people required to create a group which is generally four murids. In these reciting congregations, the disciples meet daily or weekly to perform collective dhikr , which is a type of meeting thus known as wazifa circle ( halqa ).
Islamic missionary work or dawah means to "invite" (in Arabic, literally "invitation") to Islam. After the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , from the 7th century onwards, Islam spread rapidly from the Arabian Peninsula to then rest of the world through either trade, missionaries, exploration or gradual conversions after conquests.
Traditional Sufi practices, such as devotion to Muhammad and the veneration of walis, remain an integral part of the movement [111] [112] (which defended the Sufi status quo in South Asia. [16] They were at the forefront of defending Sufi doctrines, such as the celebration of the birth of Muhammad and tawassul .
Sufi saints or wali (Arabic: ولي, plural ʾawliyāʾ أولياء) played an instrumental role in spreading Islam throughout the world. [1] In the traditional Islamic view, a saint is portrayed as someone "marked by [special] divine favor ...
Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya fi 'Ilm al-Tasawwuf (Arabic: الرسالة القشيرية في علم التصوف, lit. 'The Qushayriyyan Epistle on the Science of Sufism'), mostly known as al-Risala al-Qushayriyya (The Treatise of al-Qushayri), is one of the early complete manuals of the science of Sufism (tasawwuf in Arabic), written by the Shafi'i-Ash'ari scholar Abu al-Qasim al-Qushayri (d ...
The Sufis is one of the best known books on Sufism by the writer Idries Shah.First published in 1964 with an introduction by Robert Graves, it introduced Sufi ideas to the West in a format acceptable to non-specialists at a time when the study of Sufism had largely become the reserve of Orientalists.