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Though his mother was an American Quaker and he attended some meetings, he was baptized and primarily raised an Anglican. [363] Maria Mitchell (1818–1889), an Australian, one of the first women in astronomy, who retained ties to the Quakers but became a Unitarian [364] Russ Nelson (b. 1958), American open-source software developer [365]
The tradition of Quaker involvement in women's rights continued into the 20th and 21st centuries, with Quakers playing large roles in organizations continuing to work on women's rights. For example, Alice Paul was a Quaker woman who was a prominent leader in the National Woman's Party , which advocated for the Equal Rights Amendment .
Quaker women published at least 220 texts during the 17th century. [81] However, some Quakers resented the power of women in the community. In the early years of Quakerism, George Fox faced resistance in developing and establishing women's meetings. As controversy increased, Fox did not fully adhere to his agenda.
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Early Quaker defenses of their female members were sometimes equivocal, however, and after the Restoration of 1660 the Quakers became increasingly unwilling to publicly defend women when they adopted tactics such as disrupting services. Women's meetings were organized as a means to involve women in more modest, feminine pursuits.
A significant proportion of Quaker women never married, were widowed, or married late without having children. This allowed women more freedom to pursue religious obligations. Some women chose husbands who were "sympathetic" to their religious pursuits. [2] Female missionaries were mandated to work in pairs of the same sex.
Quakers were at the center of the movement to abolish slavery in the early United States; it is no coincidence that Pennsylvania, center of American Quakerism, was the first state to abolish slavery. In the antebellum period, "Quaker meeting houses [in Philadelphia] ...had sheltered abolitionists for generations." [2]: 1
Sarah Blackborow (fl. 1650s – 1660s) was the English author of religious tracts, which strongly influenced Quaker thinking on social problems and the theological position of women. She was one of several prominent female activists in the early decades of the Society of Friends, notable also for originating a scheme to distribute aid to London ...